知识详解
① reduce vt. 减少；缩减；约束，限制；使降低，降职；
使……变为(某个状态)(回归课本P12)
reduce...to...把……减少到……,reduce...by...把……减少了……,reduce sb.to doing sth.迫使某人做某事；使某人不得不做某事,reduction n.缩小，减少；缩版,make a reduction减价
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①The expenses have been reduced to 1,000 yuan one month.
每月的费用已降到1,000元。
②The expenses have been reduced by 200 yuan one month.
每月的费用已降了200元。
③Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.
最后夏洛特被迫沦落到沿街乞讨。
④We can make a reduction if you buy in bulk.
如果你大批购买，我们可以降低价格。
1．Many students have dropped out of school and now the number of our class has ________50.
A．reduced by B．reduced to C．increased to D．increased by
解析：选B。reduce...to后面数字指减少后的总量，reduce...by后面数字指纯减少的量或比率。由上面说到drop，故排除C、D。
【即境活用】
2. Since then the number of people stopping smoking ________10%.
A．has reduced to B．reduces by C．has reduced by D．reduces to
解析：选C。由since then可判断主句应用现在完成时，排除B、D两项；再根据句意“自从那时戒烟人数减少了10%”，强调差额用介语by，故选C。
② likely adj. 很可能的，看来要发生的；(像是)可靠的，可信的；似乎有理的
adv. 很可能
(回归课本P9) Drug users are more likely to get into trouble at school.
吸毒者更有可能在学校遇到麻烦。
【归纳总结】
① It is likely that he will be late.
＝He is likely to be late.他可能会迟到。
②“He said you’d be giving them a lift.” “Not likely！”
“他说你会让他们搭便车。”“绝不可能！”
③It is likely that you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果继续吸烟，你很可能会健康状况不佳。
④That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.这意味着价格有可能因为竞争而下降。
【例句探源】
likely，possible，probable
三者都有“可能的”之意，区别如下：
(1)likely是形容词，表示某事很可能发生，与probable 意思相近，但主语可以是人也可以是物。常用于“It is likely that...或sb./sth.be likely to do...”句型中，但不能说“It is likely for sb.to do sth.”。
(2)possible可能性相对小，作表语时，主语不能是人，常用句式为“It is possible for sb. to do sth.”或“It is possible that...”。
【易混辨析】
(3)probable 带有“很可能”的意味，语气比possible强，作表语时不能用人或不定式作主语，常用句式为“It is probable that...”。
①It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
②It’s possible_to break with old habits.
③It is _probable that he will succeed.
3.Young Americans who don’t go to university ________get jobs which bring low income.
A．are likely to B．are possible to
C．were able to D．liked to
解析：选A。句意是：没有上大学的美国年轻人可能做一些低收入的工作。likely可用于sb./sth.is likely to do而possible不能。
【即境活用】
4．(山东青岛质检)A senior firefighter said it was__________that the fire，which broke out at midnight，was caused by someone on purpose.
A．possibly B．likely
C．probably D．obviously
解析：选B。根据It is likely that……句型得出答案，其它三个词都是副词，不能用于该句型。
③ affect vt. 影响，对……有坏影响；(疾病)侵袭；假装；喜欢
(回归课本P9) Smoking in a park doesn’t affect other people in the same way.
在公园吸烟不会以同样的方式影响别人。
【归纳总结】
【例句探源】
①Peter Taylor finds out how computers and the Internet are going to affect our lives.
彼得?泰勒试图弄清计算机和互联网将如何影响我们的生活。
②(牛津P31)They were deeply affected by the news of her death.
她死亡的消息使他们唏嘘不已。
③(高考辽宁卷)The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.
这项实验表明我们的生物钟受光线和温度的影响。
④She was affected with high fever.
她发高烧。
affect，effect，influence
三个词都有“影响”的意思。
(1)affect指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”，着重“影响”的动作，有时含有“对……产生不利影响”的意思。
(2)effect作“影响”讲时，通常用作名词，构成have an effect on“对……有影响”。effect作动词时，指“使(某事物)产生；使发生；引起”，着重“造成”一种特殊的效果。
(3)influence指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响”。
【易混辨析】
①The games don’t have a(n) _effect on grown?ups but affect students a great deal.
②Influenced by a high school biology teacher，he took up the study of medicine.
③This book effected a change in my opinion.
5．Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ________the quality of the programs.
A．lessened B．declined
C．affected D．effected
解析：选C。句意为：批评家认为电视被大量的广告所控制，这影响了节目的质量。affect常指不好的影响；lessen“减少”；decline“降低”，指力量、权力、数量等的削减；effect“引起；产生”，只有affect符合句意。
【即境活用】
④ recognise vt. 辨认出；认出；认识到；认知
(回归课本P19)Participants learn to recognise smoking triggers...
参与者学会分辨吸烟的诱因……
【归纳总结】
recognise sb./sth.as/to be承认某人/物是……；认出某人/物是……
It’s recognised that...人们意识到……
①Salera came home so thin and weak that her own children hardly recognised her.
赛莉娅回家时又瘦又弱，连她自己的孩子都几乎认不出她来了。
②He is recognised as the head of the company.
他被认为是公司的领导。
③It was recognised that he was not qualified for the work.
人们认识到他做这项工作不合格。
【例句探源】
recognise，know
(1)recognise 指把原来认识的人/物再次“辨认出”，是非延续性动词。
(2)know“认识并熟悉某人/物”，是延续性动词。
①Sometimes we can’t recognise,_one’s voice on the phone even though we know him/her.
②I know him so well that I can recognise his steps.
【易混辨析】
6．(高考辽宁卷)Alexander tried to get his work________in the medical circles.
A．to recognize B．recognizing
C．recognize D．recognized
解析：选D。句意：Alexander试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。get sth.done表示使某事物被做，如get my hair cut表示理发；get her finger burnt表示她的手指被烧伤。
【即境活用】
7.—Oh，it’s you，Alice.I________you.You look much thinner than before.
—Not surprising.I’m on a diet.
A．didn’t recognize B．hadn’t recognized
C．haven’t recognized D．don’t recognize
解析：选A。本题强调是刚才没认出，故用一般过去时态。
⑤ break into 闯入，破门而入；突然……起来
(回归课本P13) The next day，I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder.
第二天，我闯入一户人家，偷了一台电视机和一台录像机。
break out突然爆发
break up打碎；拆散；分解
结束,break in打断(谈话)； 突然闯入(in是副词) break through突破
break down瓦解，损坏，分解；机器坏了；失败；身体垮了
break away from摆脱(束缚)；克服(习惯)
break off中断，折断，突然停止
【归纳总结】
①Thieves broke into our house while we were away on holiday.
我们外出度假时，小偷闯入了我们家。
②On hearing the news that the war was over ，the old woman broke into tears.
听到战争结束的消息，老人突然哭了起来。
③Don’t break into their conversation；they are discussing something important.
不要打断他们的谈话，他们正在讨论重要的事情。
【例句探源】
break into，break in
两者都有“闯入”之意。break into中，into是介词，后需接宾语；break in 是不及物动词短语，其中in是副词，不接宾语。另外，break into还有“突然……起来”之意，相当于burst into；break in还可以表示“插嘴”等。
①We had to break_into the house as we had lost the key.
②Never break_in while others are talking.
【易混辨析】
8．(海南三亚模拟)You’ll________sooner or later if you keep working like that.
A．break off B．break down
C．break into D．break out
解析：选B。句意：如果你继续那样工作，身体迟早会垮掉的。break down“垮掉”，符合题意。
【即境活用】
9. Scientists hope to________soon in their fight against the H1N1 flu virus.
A．break up B．break out
C．break through D．break in
解析：选C。句意为：科学家们希望能尽快在应对甲型H1N1流感病毒方面有所突破。break up“分解，打破”；break out“发生，爆发”；break through“突破”；break in“闯入，打断(谈话)”，据句意可知答案为C。
⑥ give up 放弃；交出，让出；认输
(回归课本P13)And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking.
这儿有一些帮助人们戒烟的方法。
give away分发；放弃；泄露
give back归还；恢复
give forth发出(气味、声音等)；发表
give in屈服；让步；同意
give off发出(蒸汽、光等)
give out分发，发出(气味、热等)；发表，用完，耗尽；精疲力竭
【归纳总结】
①When Ed left ，she gave up hope of ever marrying.
埃德离开时，她彻底放弃了结婚的希望。
②In the crowded bus ，the young people gave up their seats to the old people.
在拥挤的公共汽车上，年轻人把座位让给老年人。
③The doctor told him to give up smoking and drinking.
医生要他戒烟戒酒。
④She has never given up her secrets to others.
她从不把秘密透露给别人。
【例句探源】
10．We haven’t heard from her for long，so we give her________for dead.
A．out B．in
C．up D．away
解析：选C。give out“用完，用尽”；give in“让步，投降”；give up“放弃，不抱希望”；give away“泄露，分发”。由句意可知，此处指“对她不抱任何希望”，故答案为C。
【即境活用】
11.He pretended to be a German，but his Swedish accent gave himself________.
A．away B．up
C．off D．out
解析：选A。考查give的固定短语。句意：他假装是德国人，但他的瑞典口音使他暴露了。“暴露”应用give away。give up指“放弃”；give off 指“放出，发出”；give out指“发出，分发”。
句型梳理
①【教材原句】 Now I work in a centre for drug addicts，helping others to stop taking drugs.(P13)
现在，我在一个戒毒中心工作，帮助其他吸毒者戒毒。
【句法分析】 本句中的helping others to stop taking drugs是v.?ing形式在句子中作状语，表示方式或伴随情况。
①The little girl stood there，crying for milk.
这个小女孩站在那儿，哭着要牛奶喝。
②He worked late into the night，preparing an important report.
他工作到深夜，在准备一个重要的报告。
③The teacher stood at the entrance，blocking the children’s way.
老师站在入口处，挡住了孩子们的路。
12.(高考四川卷)The lawyer listened with full attention，________to miss any point.
A．not trying B．trying not
C．to try not D．not to try
解析：选B。句意：这名律师全神贯注地听，尽力不错过任何要点。本题考查非谓语动词作伴随状语。不定式作状语时和前面的部分如用逗号隔开，表示意想不到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式前通常加only或never，所以动词不定式在结构和题意上都不符合本题的要求，D项被排除；A、C两项结构错误，也被排除。
【即境活用】
13．(高考重庆卷) The news shocked the public，________to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A．having led B．led
C．leading D．to lead
解析：选C。句意：这条新闻使广大民众感到很震惊，引起了人们对在校学生安全的担忧。考查非谓语动词作结果状语。首先排除B和D两项； having done指动作先于谓语动词发生，在此不符合语境，故只能选择C。
② 【教材原句】 Whatever you’re doing when you want to smoke—do something else！(P19)
无论你在做什么，当你想抽烟时，做点别的事吧！
【句法分析】 考查whatever的用法。(1)引导让步状语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，其含义相当于no matter what，意为“无论，不管”，其位置可在主句前，也可在主句后。
(2)引导名词性从句(宾语从句或主语从句)，可看作是what的强调说法，其含义相当于anything that 或all that，whatever在句中起双重作用，既起先行词与关系代词的作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语等。
(3)however/whenever/wherever只引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter how/when/where引导的从句。
(4)whoever/whichever同whatever一样，既能引导状语从句也能引导名词性从句。
①Whatever he did，his parents supported him.
＝No matter what he did，his parents supported him.
不管他做什么，他父母都支持他。
②I don’t believe whatever he said.
我不相信他说的一切。
③I’ll take whatever help I can get.
任何帮助我都接受。
14．(高考浙江卷)—How about camping this weekend，just for a change?
—OK，________you want.
A．whichever B．however
C．whatever D．whoever
解析：选C。句意：“这个周末我们换一下去野营怎么样啊？”“好的。你想做什么就做什么。”答语为省略句式，全句应为：OK，whatever you want to do.whichever 不论哪个；however无论怎样；whatever无论什么，不管什么；whoever不论是谁。
【即境活用】
15.The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ________the season.
A．whatever B．wherever
C．whenever D．however
解析：选A。句意：无论什么季节，这位律师除了一套西装以外，很少穿其他的(衣服)。whatever引导让步状语从句，whatever the season即whatever the season is。wherever无论什么地方；whenever无论什么时候；however无论怎样，均不符合语境要求。
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